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post-translational modifications
Posttranslational modification (PTM) is the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. It is one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis, and thus gene expression, for many proteins.
mRNAalso codes for this amino acid. This amino acid is usually taken off during post-translational modification.
Other modifications, like phosphorylation, are part of common mechanisms for controlling the behavior of a protein, for instance activating or inactivating an enzyme.
The bottom of this diagram shows the modification of primary structure of insulin, as described.
